Prior to the

Conquest of Wales The conquest of Wales by Edward I took place between 1277 and 1283. It is sometimes referred to as the Edwardian Conquest of Wales,Examples of historians using the term include Professor J. E. Lloyd, regarded as the founder of the modern academi ...

, completed in 1282, Wales consisted of a number of independent

kingdoms Kingdom commonly refers to: * A monarchy ruled by a king or queen * Kingdom (biology), a category in biological taxonomy Kingdom may also refer to: Arts and media Television * ''Kingdom'' (British TV series), a 2007 British television drama s ...

, the most important being

Gwynedd Gwynedd (; ) is a county and preserved county (latter with differing boundaries; includes the Isle of Anglesey) in the north-west of Wales. It shares borders with Powys, Conwy County Borough, Denbighshire, Anglesey over the Menai Strait, and C ...

Powys Powys (; ) is a Local government in Wales#Principal areas, county and Preserved counties of Wales, preserved county in Wales. It is named after the Kingdom of Powys which was a Welsh succession of states, successor state, petty kingdom and princi ...

Deheubarth Deheubarth (; lit. "Right-hand Part", thus "the South") was a regional name for the realms of south Wales, particularly as opposed to Gwynedd (Latin: ''Venedotia''). It is now used as a shorthand for the various realms united under the House of ...

(originally

Ceredigion Ceredigion ( , , ) is a county in the west of Wales, corresponding to the historic county of Cardiganshire. During the second half of the first millennium Ceredigion was a minor kingdom. It has been administered as a county since 1282. Cere ...

Seisyllwg Seisyllwg () was a petty kingdom of medieval Wales.Davies, p. 85 It is unclear when it emerged as a distinct unit, but according to later sources it consisted of the former Kingdom of Ceredigion plus the region known as Ystrad Tywi. Thus it covere ...

and

Dyfed Dyfed () is a preserved county in southwestern Wales. It is a mostly rural area with a coastline on the Irish Sea and the Bristol Channel. Between 1974 and 1996, Dyfed was also the name of the area's county council and the name remains in use f ...

) and

Morgannwg Morgannwg was a medieval Welsh kingdom formed via the merger of the kingdoms of the Kingdom of Glywysing and the Kingdom of Gwent. Formation of Morgannwg First under King Morgan the Generous (fl. ) until the end of the reign of his descendant I ...

(

Glywysing Glywysing was, from the sub-Roman period to the Early Middle Ages, a petty kingdom in south-east Wales. Its people were descended from the Iron Age tribe of the Silures, and frequently in union with Gwent, merging to form Morgannwg. Name a ...

and Gwent). Boundary changes and the equal division of patrimony meant that few princes ever came close to ruling the whole of Wales. The names of those known to have ruled over one or more of the kingdoms are listed below. The only person known to have ruled all of Wales was

Gruffydd ap Llywelyn Gruffydd ap Llywelyn ( 5 August 1063) was King of Wales from 1055 to 1063. He had previously been King of Gwynedd and Powys in 1039. He was the son of King Llywelyn ap Seisyll and Angharad daughter of Maredudd ab Owain, and the great-gre ...

(c. 1010–1063), a prince of Gwynedd who became King of Wales from 1055 to 1063. However, the princes of the medieval period hailing largely from west Wales, mainly Gwynedd, had such significant authority that allowed them to claim authority beyond the borders of their kingdoms. This allowed many Princes to claim to rule all Wales. Rhodri Mawr has been suggested by some as the first sovereign of Wales, and the first to unite most of Wales. The modern-day territory of Wales was only fully united under the direct rule of

from 1055 to 1063 according to historian John Davies. The native use of the title 'Prince of Wales' appeared more frequent by the eleventh century as a 'modernised' or reformed form of the old high kingship of the Britons. The native use of the titles ended following the killing of Llywelyn the Last and his brother,

Dafydd ap Gruffydd Dafydd ap Gruffydd (11 July 1238 – 3 October 1283) was Prince of Wales from 11 December 1282 until his execution on 3 October 1283 on the orders of King Edward I of England. He was the last native Prince of Wales before the conquest of Wa ...

and since then the

Prince of Wales Prince of Wales ( cy, Tywysog Cymru, ; la, Princeps Cambriae/Walliae) is a title traditionally given to the heir apparent to the English and later British throne. Prior to the conquest by Edward I in the 13th century, it was used by the rulers ...

title has been used by the English and then British monarchy.

Title of "King of Wales"

Rhodri Mawr has been suggested by some as the first sovereign of Wales, and the first to unite most of Wales.

Before Welsh Kings

Prior to the King or Prince of Wales title, the title

King of the Britons The title King of the Britons ( cy, Brenin y Brythoniaid, la, Rex Britannorum) was used (often retrospectively) to refer to the most powerful ruler among the Celtic Britons, both before and after the period of Roman Britain up until the Norma ...

was used to describe the King of the

Celtic Britons The Britons ( *''Pritanī'', la, Britanni), also known as Celtic Britons or Ancient Britons, were people of Celtic language and culture who inhabited Great Britain from at least the British Iron Age and into the Middle Ages, at which point th ...

, ancestors of the Welsh. The

Brut y Tywysogion ''Brut y Tywysogion'' ( en, Chronicle of the Princes) is one of the most important primary sources for Welsh history. It is an annalistic chronicle that serves as a continuation of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s ''Historia Regum Britanniae''. ''Bru ...

, Gwentian Chronicles of Caradoc of Llancarvan version, which was written no earlier than the mid 16th century lists multiple Kings of the Britons as a "King of Wales".

List of titleholders of "King of Wales"

The following is a list of those assigned or claiming the title of King or Prince of Wales, including "Sovereigns and Princes of Wales 844 – 1283". While many different leaders in Wales claimed the title of 'King of Wales' and ruled majorities of Wales, the modern-day territory of Wales was only fully united under the direct rule of

from 1055 to 1063 according to historian John Davies. Gruffydd ap Llywelyn was referred to as King of Wales or ''Rex Walensium'' by

John of Worcester John of Worcester (died c. 1140) was an English monk and chronicler who worked at Worcester Priory. He is usually held to be the author of the ''Chronicon ex chronicis''. ''Chronicon ex chronicis'' The ''Chronicon ex chronicis'' is a world wide ...

. He was the last of a long line of paramount rulers among the insular Britons to have the title of

bestowed upon him, and possibly the only one to truly rule over all the (independent) Britons. By this time, if not earlier, Wales was the only part of Britain remaining under

Brittonic Brittonic or Brythonic may refer to: *Common Brittonic, or Brythonic, the Celtic language anciently spoken in Great Britain *Brittonic languages, a branch of the Celtic languages descended from Common Brittonic *Britons (Celtic people) The Br ...

rule.

Native title of "Prince of Wales"

Evolution from King to Prince

The native use of the title 'Prince of Wales' appeared more frequent by the eleventh century as a 'modernised' or reformed form of the old high kingship of the Britons. The Welsh had originally been the high Kings of the Britons up until the claim to be high king of late Romano-British Britain was no longer realistic after the death of

Cadwaladr Cadwaladr ap Cadwallon (also spelled Cadwalader or Cadwallader in English) was king of Gwynedd in Wales from around 655 to 682 AD. Two devastating plagues happened during his reign, one in 664 and the other in 682; he himself was a victim of the ...

in 664. Cadwaldr was also heavily associated with the symbol of the Red Dragon of Wales.D.R. Woolf, "The power of the past: history, ritual and political authority in Tudor England", in Paul A. Fideler, ''Political Thought and the Tudor Commonwealth:Deep Structure, Discourse, and Disguise'', New York, 1992, pp.21–22. The princes of the medieval period hailed largely from west Wales, mainly Gwynedd. They had such significant authority that allowed them to claim authority beyond the borders of their kingdoms. This allowed many Princes to claim to rule all Wales.

End of native Welsh Princes

Llywelyn the Last, the last Prince of Wales was ambushed and killed in 1282. The execution of his brother

in 1283 on the orders of King

Edward I of England Edward I (17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1272 to 1307. Concurrently, he ruled the duchies of Aquitaine and Gascony as a vassa ...

effectively ended

Welsh independence Welsh independence ( cy, Annibyniaeth i Gymru) is the political movement advocating for Wales to become a sovereign state, independent from the United Kingdom. Wales was conquered during the 13th century by Edward I of England following the ki ...

. The title of Prince of Wales was then used by the English monarchy for the heir to the English throne. During the period 1400–1413, following a rebellion against English rule in Wales, there existed a native Prince of Wales, Owain Glyndwr and an English monarchy appointed Prince of Wales (who later became

Henry V of England Henry V (16 September 1386 – 31 August 1422), also called Henry of Monmouth, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1413 until his death in 1422. Despite his relatively short reign, Henry's outstanding military successes in the ...

). The native Prince of Wales, Owain Glyndwr led Welsh forces against the English Prince of Wales and English rule in Wales.

Regional Kingdoms of Wales

Deheubarth

The kingdom of Deheubarth was formed by the union of the kingdoms of Ceredigion, Seisyllwg and Dyfed. Ceredigion was absorbed into Seisyllwg and Dyfed was merged with Seisyllwg to form Deheubarth in 909.

Ceredigion

* Ceredig ap Cunedda (424–453)A history of WalesEncyclopaedia of Wales *Usai (453–490) *Serwyl (490–525) *Boddw (525–560) *Arthfoddw (560–595) *Arthlwys (595–630) *Clydog I (630–665)

Dyfed

* Anwn Ddu (Welsh rendering of ''Antonius the Black''). According to Welsh legend, born in Greece, and later appointed to the rule of Demetia (Dyfed) by

Magnus Maximus Magnus Maximus (; cy, Macsen Wledig ; died 8 August 388) was Roman emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 383 to 388. He usurped the throne from emperor Gratian in 383 through negotiation with emperor Theodosius I. He was made emperor in B ...

. Also known as Anwn Dynod (rendering ''Antonius Donatus''). Realm included Gwent and

Brycheiniog Brycheiniog was an independent kingdom in South Wales in the Early Middle Ages. It often acted as a buffer state between England to the east and the south Welsh kingdom of Deheubarth to the west. It was conquered and pacified by the Normans be ...

. * Ednyfed - realm also included the Caer-Went part of Gwent (his brother received the remainder) * Clotri *

Triffyn Farfog Triffyn Farfog ( en, Triffyn the Bearded; born c. AD 385) was a legendary king of Dyfed, son of , a Deisi invader from Ireland, of the dynasty of Eochaid Allmuir. Triffyn married Gwledyr, the heiress of the British kings of Dyfed, in the mid-5 ...

Aergol Lawhir Aergol Longhand (Modern Welsh: ''Aergol Lawhir''; c. 437 c. 515) was a legendary king of Dyfed and son and heir of King Triffyn Farfog. His name is the Welsh form of the Latin Agricola, just as his father's 'name' is the Cambrian form of "tribun ...

(?-c. 515) *

Vortiporius Vortiporius or Vortipor ( owl, Guortepir, Middle Welsh ''Gwrdeber'' or ''Gwerthefyr'') was a king of Dyfed in the early to mid-6th century. He ruled over an area approximately corresponding to modern Pembrokeshire, Wales. Records from this era a ...

(c. 540) *

Arthur ap Pedr Arthur is a common male given name of Brythonic origin. Its popularity derives from it being the name of the legendary hero King Arthur. The etymology is disputed. It may derive from the Celtic ''Artos'' meaning “Bear”. Another theory, more ...

* Cloten (c. 630) married Ceindrech of Brycheiniog, uniting the two kingdoms of Dyfed and Brycheiniog *

Rhain ap Cadwgan Rhain ap Cadwgan ( en, Regin son of Cadogan; died c. 740) was an 8th-century king of Dyfed and Brycheiniog in Wales of the Early Middle Ages. He succeeded his father Cadwgan, who succeeded his father Caten ap Cloten. Biography Rhain's great-gr ...

(c. 690-740) - also king of Brycheiniog. On his death, his kingdoms were divided again by his sons. *

Tewdwr ap Rhain Tudor most commonly refers to: * House of Tudor, English royal house of Welsh origins ** Tudor period, a historical era in England coinciding with the rule of the Tudor dynasty Tudor may also refer to: Architecture * Tudor architecture, the fin ...

* Maredudd ap Tewdws (c. 740–797) *

Rhain ap Maredudd Rhain son of Maredudd ( cy, Rhain ap Maredudd; died c. 808) was a king of Dyfed. He ruled following his father Maredudd ap Tewdws and was succeeded by his brother Owain. His son Triffyn then succeeded Owain. His lineage is included among the H ...

(c. 797–808) * Owain ap Maredudd (c. 808–810) *

Triffyn ap Rhain Triffyn son of Rhain ( cy, Triffyn ap Rhain; died c. 814) was an 8th- and 9th-century king of Dyfed. He was the son of Rhain ap Maredudd. On the death of his father, Triffyn did not succeed himinstead, his uncle Owain did. After Triffyn succe ...

(?-c. 814) *

Hyfaidd Hyfaidd ap Bleddri (born ) was a king of Dyfed. Triad 68"Three Kings who Sprang from Villeins"lists Hyfaidd among their number, meaning that his father Bleddri or Bledrig was held to have been a serf rather than a member of Dyfed's old royal fam ...

Llywarch ap Hyfaidd Llywarch ap Hyfaidd (died ) was a king of Dyfed from until its conquest around 904 by King Cadell of Ceredigion / Seisyllwg and his son Hywel. Upon Llywarch's death, the kingdom passed briefly to his brother Rhodri, but Hywel soon consolida ...

(c. 893-904) *

Rhodri ap Hyfaidd Rhodri ap Hyfaidd (died 905) was briefly the king of Dyfed. After his brother Llywarch was killed by Hywel Dda and his father Cadell, Rhodri reigned briefly before he himself was killed and the throne was usurped by Hywel, under whom the king ...

(c. 904-905) *

Hywel Dda Hywel Dda, sometimes anglicised as Howel the Good, or Hywel ap Cadell (died 949/950) was a king of Deheubarth who eventually came to rule most of Wales. He became the sole king of Seisyllwg in 920 and shortly thereafter established Deheubarth ...

("Hywel the Good") (c. 905-909), an invader from Seisllywg who conquered Dyfed (but later chronicles claim he acquired it by marrying Llywarch's daughter)

Seisyllwg

Seisyll ap Clydog Seisyll ap Clydog was King of Ceredigion in Wales some time in the late 7th or early 8th century. He gave his name to the later kingdom of Seisyllwg, which consisted of Ceredigion plus the region known as Ystrad Tywi; as such he was possibly the ki ...

, prince of

(eponym and possibly founder of Seisyllwg) * Arthen (?-807) * DyfnwallonHeritage Consulting. Millennium File atabase on-line Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2003. * Meurig of Seisyllwg * Gwgon of Seisyllwg (?-c. 870/871) ''House Manaw'' *

Angharad ferch Meurig Angharad ferch Meurig was a 9th-century Welsh noblewoman. She was the wife of Rhodri the Great of Gwynedd, and mother of Anarawd (Rhodri's successor), Cadell ap Rhodri, and Merfyn. Life Angharad was the daughter of Meurig, evidently the King ...

(?-872) and

Rhodri the Great Rhodri ap Merfyn ( 820 – 873/877/878), popularly known as Rhodri the Great ( cy, Rhodri Mawr), succeeded his father, Merfyn Frych, as King of Gwynedd in 844. Rhodri annexed Powys c. 856 and Seisyllwg c. 871. He is called " King of the Brito ...

(?–873/877/878) - stewards *

Cadell ap Rhodri Cadell ap Rhodri (854–909) was King of Seisyllwg, a minor kingdom in southwestern Wales, from about 872 until his death. Life Cadell was the second son of King Rhodri the Great of Gwynedd and Angharad, a princess from Seisyllwg. In 872 Anghar ...

, second son of Anghared and Rhodri (872–909) *

(Hywel the Good) (909-920) - he ruled Seisyllwg in 920 and shortly thereafter merged it with Dyfed into

Deheubarth

(Hywel the Good) (920–950) * His son, Owain ap Hywel (950–986) **

Rhodri ap Hywel Rhodri ap Hywel (died 964) was a King of Deheubarth in South Wales, and son of Hywel Dda. On Hywel's death in 950 Deheubarth was shared between Rhodri and his two brothers, Edwin ap Hywel, Edwin and Owain ap Hywel Dda, Owain. The sons of Hywel we ...

(950–953) ''and'' **

Edwin ap Hywel Edwin ap Hywel (died ) was a 10th-century king of Deheubarth, king of Deheubarth in Wales of the High Middle Ages. One of three sons of Hywel Dda, he divided his father's realm with his brothers Rhodri ap Hywel, Rhodri and Owain ap Hywel Dda, Ow ...

(950–954) * Owain ap Hywel's son,

Maredudd ab Owain Maredudd ab Owain (died ) was a 10th-century king in Wales of the High Middle Ages. A member of the House of Dinefwr, his patrimony was the kingdom of Deheubarth comprising the southern realms of Dyfed, Ceredigion, and Brycheiniog. Upon the d ...

(986–999) *

Cynan ap Hywel Cynan ap Hywel (ruled 999–1005) was a Prince of Gwynedd, one of the kingdoms or principalities of medieval Wales. He was the son of Hywel ap Ieuaf, a previous king from the line of Idwal Foel (his grandfather). On Hywel's death, the realm was ru ...

, prince of Gwynedd (999–1005) * the sons of Einion ab Owain (brother of Maredudd ab Owain), who ruled jointly: ** Edwin ab Einion (1005–1018) ** Cadell ab Einion (1005–1018) *

Llywelyn ap Seisyll Llywelyn ap Seisyll (died 1023) was an 11th-century King of Gwynedd, Powys and Deheubarth. Llywelyn was the son of Seisyll, a man of whom little is known. Llewelyn first appears on record in 1018, the year he defeated and killed Aeddan ap Blegyw ...

, prince of Gwynedd (1018–1023) *

Rhydderch ap Iestyn Rhydderch ap Iestyn (died 1033) was king of Gwent and Morgannwg in south Wales and later took over the kingdom of Deheubarth and controlled Powys. Comparatively little has been recorded about Rhydderch ab Iestyn in the annals. He appears to have o ...

, prince of Glywysing (1023–1033) * Edwin ab Einion's son,

Hywel ab Edwin Hywel ap Edwin (died 1044) was king of Deheubarth in south Wales from 1033 to 1043. Hywel was the son of Edwin ap Einion and great-grandson of Hywel Dda. When the previous king, Rhydderch ap Iestyn, who had usurped the throne, died in 1033 Hywel ...

(1033–1044) * Rhydderch ap Iestyn's son,

Gruffydd ap Rhydderch Gruffydd ap Rhydderch (d. AD 1055) was a king of Gwent and part of the kingdom of Morgannwg in south Wales and later king of Deheubarth. Gruffydd was the son of Rhydderch ab Iestyn who had been able to take over the kingdom of Deheubarth from 1 ...

(1047–1055) *

, invader and prince of Gwynedd (1055–1063) * Edwin ab Einion's grandson,

Maredudd ab Owain ab Edwin Maredudd ab Owain ab Edwin (died 1072) was a prince of the kingdom of Deheubarth in south west Wales. Maredudd was the son of Owain ab Edwin and was hence the male-line heir of Hywel Dda. The throne had been seized from the previous king of this ...

(1063–1072) * his brother,

Rhys ab Owain Rhys ab Owain (died 1078) was a king of Deheubarth in southern Wales. Rhys was the son of Owain ab Edwin of the line of Hywel Dda, and member of the Dinefwr dynasty. He followed his brother Maredudd as king of Deheubarth in 1072. Together with ...

(1072–1078) * his second cousin, Rhys ap Tewdwr (1078–1093) ''Deheubarth was in the possession of the

Normans The Normans (Norman language, Norman: ''Normaunds''; french: Normands; la, Nortmanni/Normanni) were a population arising in the medieval Duchy of Normandy from the intermingling between Norsemen, Norse Viking settlers and indigenous West Fran ...

from 1093 to 1155'' * Gruffydd ap Rhys (1116–1137) ''ruled a portion of Deheubarth with Norman permission'' * his son,

Anarawd ap Gruffydd Anarawd ap Gruffydd (died 1143) was a Prince of Deheubarth in Southwest Wales. Lineage Anarawd was the eldest son of Gruffydd ap Rhys. On the death of his father in 1137, Anarawd took over the rule of Deheubarth. Resistance In 1136 he and ...

(1136–1143) * his brother, Cadell ap Gruffydd (1143–1151) * his brother,

Maredudd ap Gruffydd Maredudd ap Gruffydd (1131–1155) was a prince of the kingdom of Deheubarth in Southwest Wales. Maredudd was the fifth of six sons of Gruffydd ap Rhys, and the third of four by Gwenllian ferch Gruffydd;Cadw, Welsh Government (Crown Copyright), ...

(1151–1155) * his brother,

The Lord Rhys Rhys ap Gruffydd, commonly known as The Lord Rhys, in Welsh ''Yr Arglwydd Rhys'' (c. 1132 – 28 April 1197) was the ruler of the Welsh kingdom of Deheubarth in south Wales from 1155 to 1197 and native Prince of Wales. It was believed that h ...

(Rhys ap Gruffydd) (1155–1197) * his son, Gruffydd ap Rhys (1197–1201) ''who for a time ruled jointly with his brother,'' *

Maelgwn ap Rhys Maelgwn ap Rhys (c. 1170–1230) was prince of part of the kingdom of Deheubarth in south west Wales. Maelgwn was the son of Rhys ap Gruffydd (''The Lord Rhys'') by his wife Gwenllian ferch Madog, daughter of Madog ap Maredudd prince of Powys. He a ...

(1199–1230) ''who disputed the territory with his brother,'' * Rhys the Hoarse (

Rhys Gryg Rhys Gryg ('Rhys the Hoarse') (died 1234), real name Rhys ap Rhys, also known as Rhys Fychan ('Rhys the Younger') was a Welsh prince who ruled part of the Kingdom of Deheubarth. Lineage Rhys was the fourth son of Rhys ap Gruffydd (The Lord Rhy ...

) (1216–1234) ''From 1234 to 1283, Deheubarth was subject to the princes of Gwynedd'' * Rhys the Hoarse's son, Rhys Mechyll (1234–1244) ''ruled a portion of Deheubarth'' * his brother, Maredudd ap Rhys (1244–1271) ''ruled a portion of Deheubarth'' * his son, Rhys ap Maredudd (1271–1283) ''ruled a portion of Deheubarth''

Gwynedd

Kings of Gwynedd

* Cunedda ''Wledig'' ap Edern (Cunedda the Imperator) (c. 450–c. 460) * Einion ''Yrth'' ap Cunedda (Einion the Impetuous) (c. 470–c. 480) **

Owain Ddantgwyn Owain Danwyn ( fl. 440) was a king of Rhos in Gwynedd, Wales, in the mid-5th century. He was the son of Einion Yrth and the father of Cynlas Goch, probably the Cuneglasus excoriated by Gildas. Very little is known of his life. Graham Phillips a ...

( Rhos; late 5th century) ** Cynlas Goch ( Rhos) & St Einion ( Llŷn) ap Owain (late 5th and early 6th century) * Cadwallon ''Lawhir'' ap Einion (Cadwallon Long Hand) (c. 500–c. 534) * Maelgwn ''Hir'' ap Cadwallon (Maelgwn the Tall) (c. 520–c. 547) * Rhun ''Hir'' ap Maelgwn (Rhun the Tall) (c. 547–c. 580) *

Beli ap Rhun Beli ap Rhun (c. 517 – c. 599) was King of Gwynedd (reigned c. 586 – c. 599). Nothing is known of the person, and his name is known only from Welsh genealogies, which confirm that he had at least two sons. He succeeded his father Rhun ...

(c. 580–c. 599) *

Iago ap Beli Iago ap Beli (c. 540 – c. 616) was King of Gwynedd (reigned c. 599 – c. 616). Little is known of him or his kingdom from this early era, with only a few anecdotal mentions of him in historical documents. Iago ap Beli (Latin: Iacobus Be ...

(c. 599–c. 616) *

Cadfan ap Iago Cadfan ap Iago (c. 569 – c. 625) was King of Gwynedd (reigned c. 616 – c. 625). Little is known of the history of Gwynedd from this period, and information about Cadfan and his reign is minimal. The historical person is known only fr ...

(c. 613–c. 625) *

Cadwallon ap Cadfan Cadwallon ap Cadfan (died 634A difference in the interpretation of Bede's dates has led to the question of whether Cadwallon was killed in 634 or the year earlier, 633. Cadwallon died in the year after the Battle of Hatfield Chase, which Bede rep ...

(c. 625–634) * Cadafael ''Cadomedd'' ap Cynfeddw (Cadfael the Battle-Shirker) (634–c. 655) * Cadwaladr ''Fendigaid'' ap Cadwallon (Cadwallader the Blessed) (c. 655–c. 682) * Idwal ''Iwrch'' ap Cadwaladr (Idwal Roebuck) (c. 682–c. 720) * Rhodri ''Molwynog'' ap Idwal (Rhodri the Bald and Gray) (c. 720–c. 754) *

Caradog ap Meirion Caradog ap Meirion (died ) was an 8th-century king of Gwynedd in northwest Wales. This era in the history of Gwynedd was not notable and, given the lack of reliable information available, serious histories such that as by Davies do not mention ...

(c. 754–c. 798) * Cynan Dindaethwy ap Rhodri, Cynan ''Dindaethwy'' ap Rhodri (c. 798–816) * Hywel ap Rhodri Molwynog (814–825) * Merfyn the Freckled, Merfyn ''Frych'' ap Gwriad (Merfyn the Freckled) (825–844) * Rhodri the Great, Rhodri ''Mawr'' ap Merfyn (Rhodri the Great) (844–878) * Anarawd ap Rhodri (878–916) (establishes the House of Aberffraw, Aberffraw dynasty, the senior branch of descendants from Rhodri Mawr) * Idwal Foel ab Anarawd (Idwal the Bald) (916–942) * Hywel Dda, Hywel ''Dda'' ap Cadell (Howell the Good) (942–950) (House of Dinefwr, Dinefwr dynasty of Rhodri Mawr's descendants usurp from Aberffraw) * Iago ab Idwal (950–979) (return to the Aberffraw branch) * Ieuaf ab Idwal (950–969) * Hywel ab Ieuaf (974–985) * Cadwallon ab Ieuaf (985–986) *

(986–999) (return to Dinefwr dynasty) *

(999–1005) (return to the Aberffraw dynasty) * Aeddan ap Blegywryd (1005–1018) (usurpation from the Aberffraw dynasty) *

(1018–1023) (cadet branch of House of Mathrafal, Mathrafal dynasty from Powys usurps from Aeddan ap Blegywryd) * Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig (1023–1039) (return to Aberffraw dynasty) *

(1039–1063) (usurpation from Aberffraw dynasty) * Bleddyn ap Cynfyn (1063–1075) (Mathrafal dynasty of Powys "receives" Gwynedd from the English King) * Trahaearn ap Caradog (1075–1081) * Gruffudd ap Cynan (1081–1137) (return to Aberffraw dynasty) * Owain Gwynedd, Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffydd (1137–1170) (first to style himself ''Princeps Wallensium''Davies, John ''A History of Wales,'' the title ''Princeps Wallensium'') * Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd (1170–1173) * Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd (1170–1195) ''(in the east)'' * Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd (1170–1190) ''(in the west)'' * Llywelyn the Great, Llywelyn ''Fawr'' ap Iorwerth (Llywelyn the Great) (1195–1240) * Dafydd ap Llywelyn (1240–1246) (used title ''Prince of Wales'' from 1244 onwards) * Owain Goch ap Gruffydd (Owen the Red) (1246–1255) * Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (Llywelyn the Last) (1246–1282) (used title ''Prince of Wales'' from 1258 onwards) *

(1282–1283) (not crowned but claimed the title) * Madog ap Llywelyn (1294–1295) (not crowned but claimed the title) * Owain Lawgoch, Owain ap Tomas ap Rhodri (Owen the Red Hand) (1372–1378) (in exile but claimed the title)

Morgannwg

The kingdom of Morgannwg was formed by the union of the kingdoms of Morgannwg and Gwent. Over time, in a few instances, the kingdoms were separate and independent.

Glywysing

* Owain Finddu, Eugenius, son of

* Mor (Welsh king), Marius, son of Eugenius * Solar (Welsh king), Solar, son of Marius * Glywys, son of Solar (c. 470–c. 480), who gave his name to the kingdom ** Gwynllyw, son of Glywys, ruler of Gwynllwg (c. 480–523), cantref of Glywysing ** Pawl (Welsh king), Pawl, son of Glywys, ruler of Penychen (c. 480–540), cantref of Glywysing ** Mechwyn, son of Glywys, ruler of Gorfynydd (c. 480–c.500), cantref of Glywysing * Cadoc, son of Gwynllyw, ruler of Gwynllwg (523–580) and Penychen (540–580), died without heirs Glywysing is ruled by the Kings of Gwent until Rhys ap Ithel * Rhys ap Ithel/Rhys ab Idwal, son of the Kings of Gwent (c. 755–785), with brothers, Rhodri ab Idwal (Glywysing), Rhodri and Meurig ab Ithel, Meurig * Arthfael Hen ap Rhys (Arthfael the Old) (785–c. 825) with Brochfael ap Rhys * Rhys ap Arthfael, (c. 830–c. 840) * Hywel ap Rhys (Glywysing), Hywel ap Rhys, (c. 840–886) * Owain ap Hywel (Gwent), Owain ap Hywel (886–) ** Gruffydd ab Owain (–934) King of Gower ** Cadwgan ab Owain (–950) King of West Glywysing * Morgan the Old (Morgan Hen ab Owain, Morgan Hen or Morgan ab Owain or Moragn Hen Fawr) (930–974) united the former kingdoms of Gwent and

in 942 under the name of Morgannwg, but they were broken up again immediately after his death, remaining separate until about 1055 * Morgan the Old's son, Owain ap Morgan (974–c. 983) * brothers of Owain ap Morgan (Idwallon, Hywel and Cadell) (dates unknown) * his son, Rhys ab Owain (c. 990–c. 1000) who ruled Glywysing jointly with his brothers * Ithel the Black, son Idwallon (990) ** Hywel ab Owain (c. 990–c. 1043) and ** Iestyn ab Owain (c. 990–c. 1015) * his son,

(c. 1015–1033) * his son,

(1033–1055) * Gwrgant ab Ithel the Black (1033 - 1070) *

, invader and prince of Gwynedd (1055–1063) * Gruffydd ap Rhydderch's son, Caradog ap Gruffydd (1063–1081) who was a subject of the King of Gwent and King of Morgannwg Cadwgan ap Meurig before he deposed him and took the kingdom for himself * Iestyn ap Gwrgant, Iestyn ap Gwrgan(t) (1081–1091), the last ruler of an independent Morgannwg, which was thereafter in the possession of the

and became the lordship of Glamorgan

Gwent

* Anwn Ddu (the same person as ruled Dyfed at this time). Welsh legend claims he was appointed by

, who later became Roman Emperor (and hence referred to in Welsh as ''Macsen Wledig'' - ''Maximus the Emperor''). Some genealogies claim him to be Magnus' son. His realm was divided upon his death between his sons Edynfed and Tudwal.

= in Caer-Went

= *Edynfed ap Anwn - also ruler of Dyfed * ap Ednyfed, and his wife - St Madrun ferch Vortimer, Gwerthefyr (Welsh rendering of ''Honorius'') * Iddon ap Ynyr (480 - 490) * Caradoc, Caradog (Strongarm) * Meurig ap Caradog and his wife - Dyfwn ferch Glywys * Erbic ap Meurig ?

= in Caer-Leon

= * Tudwal ap Anwn * Teithrin ap Tudwal * Teithfallt ap Teithrin (Welsh rendering of ''Theudebald'') * Tewdrig, son of Teithfallt (490 – 493/517) (Welsh rendering of ''Theodoric''). Traditionally, Tewdrig had a daughter - Marchell verch Tewdrig - for whom he carved out

as a dowry. * Meurig ap Tewdrig King of Gwent (493/517 – 530–540) * Athrwys ap Meurig King of Gwent (530–540 - 573) * Frioc ap Meurig, with Idnerth ap Meurig ? * Ithel ap Athrwys * Morgan the Great ? * Morgan the Courteous and Benefactor ? (-654) * Anthres ap Morcant ? (654-663) * Morgan ab Athrwys, Morgan the Generous (-730) * Ithel ap Morgan (710/715 - 735/740/745/755) * Ffernfael ab Idwal (-774/777) * Athrwys ap Ffernfael (774-810) * Idwallon ap Gwrgant (810-842) * Ithel ap Hywel or ap Athrwys ?(842-848) * Meurig ap Hywel or ap Ithel ? (848-849) * Meurig ap Arthfael Hen (849-874) * Ffernfael ap Meurig (874-880) * Brochfael ap Meurig (880-920) * Arthfael ap Hywel (-916/927) * Owain ap Hywel (Glywysing), Owain ap Hywel (920-930) * Cadell ap Arthfael (930-940/943) * Morgan Hen ab Owain, Morgan the Old, Morgan Hen or Morgan ab Owain or Morgan Hen Fawr (940/943–955) united the former kingdoms of Gwent and

in 942 under the name of Morgannwg but they were broken up again immediately after his death and remained separate until about 1055 ** Nowy ap Gwriad ap Brochfael ap Rhodri ap Arthfael Hen ruled Gwent (c. 950–c. 970) while Glywysing was ruled jointly by brothers of Owain ap Morgan (dates unknown), probably under Morgan the Old * his son, Arthfael ap Nowy (about 970–983) * his cousin, Rhodri ap Elisedd (983–c. 1015) who ruled jointly with his brother, * Gruffydd ap Elisedd (983–c. 1015) * his cousin (?) Edwyn ap Gwriad (1015–1045) * Hywel ab Owain's son, Meurig ap Hywel (1045–1055) who ruled jointly with * his son, Cadwgan ap Meurig (1045–1055) *

, invader and prince of Gwynedd (1055–1063) * Cadwgan ap Meurig (1063–1074) who was also King of Morgannwg, ruling Glywysing through * Gruffydd ap Rhydderch's son, Caradog ap Gruffydd (1075–1081) who seized Gwent and the Kingdom of Morgannwg * Iestyn ap Gwrgant, Iestyn ap Gwrgan(t) (1081–1091) Iestyn was the last ruler of an independent Morgannwg, which was thereafter in the possession of the

and became the lordship of Glamorgan * Owain ap Caradog (1081-1113/1116)

Powys

Kings of Powys

= House of Gwertherion

= * Vortigern, Gwrtheyrn (High king, High-King Vortigern), married to Sevira daughter of Maximus, Sevira, daughter of

* Cadeyern Fendigaid (c. 430–447), reputed to be the eldest son of Vortigern, Gwrtheyrn, blessed by Germanus of Auxerre, Saint Germanus * Cadell Ddyrnllwg (c. 447–460) * Rhyddfedd Frych (c. 480) * Cyngen Glodrydd (c. 500) * Pasgen ap Cyngen (c. 530) * Morgan ap Pasgen (c. 540) * Brochwel Ysgithrog (c. 550) * Cynan Garwyn (?–610) * Selyf ap Cynan (610–613) * Manwgan ap Selyf (613) * Eiludd Powys (613–?) * Beli ap Eiludd (c. 655) * Gwylog ap Beli (695?–725) * Elisedd ap Gwylog (725–755?) * Brochfael ap Elisedd (755?–773) * Cadell ap Brochfael (773–808) * Cyngen ap Cadell (808–854) - throne usurped by Rhodri Mawr of Gwynedd and exiled to Rome where the family endured

= House of Manaw

= * Rhodri Mawr (854–878) of Gwynedd, allegedly inheriting through his mother Nest, according to some manuscripts. Other manuscripts (eg. Mostyn manuscript 117) have his mother as Essyllt ferch Cynan (thought to be the daughter of Cynan Dindaethwy of Gwynedd). * Merfyn ap Rhodri (878–900) (house of Aberffraw) * Llywelyn ap Merfyn (900–942) (house of Aberffraw) *

(942–950) (house of Dinefwr usurped from the Aberffraw line of Manaw) * Owain ap Hywel (950–986) (Mathrafal dynasty, cadet branch of the House of Dinefwr) * Maredudd ap Owain (986–999) *

(999–1023), husband of Angharad, daughter of Maredudd ab Owain *

(1023–1033) * Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig, Iago ap Idwal (1033–1039) *

, invader and prince of Gwynedd (1039–1063)

Mathrafal Princes of Powys

* Bleddyn ap Cynfyn (1063–1075) * Iorwerth ap Bleddyn (1075–1103 (part)) * Cadwgan ap Bleddyn (1075–1111 (part)) * Owain ap Cadwgan (1111–1116 (part)) * Maredudd ap Bleddyn (1116–1132) * Madog ap Maredudd (1132–1160) From 1160 Powys was split into two parts. The southern part was later called Powys Wenwynwyn after Gwenwynwyn ab Owain, Gwenwynwyn ab Owain "Cyfeiliog" ap Madog, while the northern part was called Powys Fadog after Madog ap Gruffydd Maelor, Madog ap Gruffydd "Maelor" ap Madog.

Notes

References

Lives of the Cambro British saints
William Jenkins Rees, Thomas Wakeman, 1835
A history of Wales from the earliest times
John Edward Lloyd, 1911
The Cambrian, A Bi-Monthly Published in the interest of the Welsh people and their descendantsin the United States, 1881, Vol. 1, 1881Biography from the Dictionary of Welsh Biography
*The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales, University of Wales Press, 2008, {{ISBN, 978-0-7083-1953-6 Welsh monarchs, List Lists of European rulers, Wales Wales-related lists, Rulers Lists of British monarchs, Wales

Title of "King of Wales"

Before Welsh Kings

List of titleholders of "King of Wales"

Native title of "Prince of Wales"

Evolution from King to Prince

End of native Welsh Princes

Regional Kingdoms of Wales

Deheubarth

Ceredigion

Dyfed

Seisyllwg

Deheubarth

Gwynedd

Kings of Gwynedd

Morgannwg

Glywysing

Gwent

= in Caer-Went

= in Caer-Leon

Powys

Kings of Powys

= House of Gwertherion

= House of Manaw

Mathrafal Princes of Powys

See also

Notes

References